On Monday, I had the opportunity of hearing Geoffrey Canada speak about his experiences with Harlem Children’s Zone (HCZ) and the lessons he has gleaned from his experience. There were other speakers as well, such as the mayor of San Antonio, a White House policy advisor for the Promise Neighborhoods Initiative, and a woman who had worked in Appalachia to increase diploma completion and college entrance. Here is a summary of what I got out of the briefing:
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From the White House policy advisor: In July 2007, then candidate Obama had proposed a promise neighborhoods initiative to be modeled after Canada’s HCZ. Essentially, the idea is to tackle the problem of urban education collectively: not simply looking at creating good school opportunities, but getting parents involved, providing health/fitness/food education, creating a culture that says “education is cool,” ensuring that kids are save, providing the opportunity to work and gain experience that way, and many other aspects of urban life that stand in the way of fully developing academically and becoming a competitive employee.
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Their challenge, she said, was to think differently and be creative. They couldn’t simply take the HCZ and replicate it in other neighborhoods. They needed to take ideas, lessons, and general principles from Canada’s experiences that were transferable to other areas. She said that the three key concepts they got out of the HCZ were: 1) there needs to be a pipeline of programs – support throughout every stage of adolescent life because if you stop at any point, they are left back in the failing situations they were in before; 2) you need to reach all kids in an area because their friends and peers have a large impact on their desire to achieve; and 3) every aspect of reform needs to be informed and driven by data because that is the only way you can determine whether a program is effective. She liked to say that they were “predicated on outcomes.”
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Next, Canada spoke, saying: First of all, his job is not something for everybody to try to do – it has been a difficult road for him. The most frustrating thing, however, has been the debate over whether or not the effects of the HCZ can be replicated elsewhere. To this, he says “Absolutely. Sadly, only in our business [education] would you hear such a defeatist response to a question of whether or not people can achieve something.” He is further frustrated by the fact that the education of kids isn’t treated more like science, where the failure of the first initial heart transplants didn’t serve to say that it couldn’t be done, but rather that they provided information for future attempts so that they could be done better. He acknowledges that the education of a child is complicated, but he says that so is a heart transplant, and “we didn’t give up on that.”
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Canada stated that you can try to educate kids by providing a good school, but your best bet in providing them better opportunities in the future are to save the community, which takes much more than a school Prior to the HCZ, he would hear routinely from people that he wouldn’t be able to change the culture of a community. Obviously, he has demonstrated this to be false.
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Canada attributes the success of his program to a number of different aspects. The first is that education and support must be in place at every stage of development. Other schools, such as KIPP, only deal with kids within a certain age segment. This, he believes, does not make a long-term impact on their futures because they are no longer supported and, through returning to their original locations, are encouraged to revert back to their old habits. Also, by having support and education throughout all stages of life, older students can become active participants in rebuilding their community and serve as role models to the younger kids of where they can go themselves.
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To the question of whether their success is just a matter of education, he says “yes and no.” Yes, it is just a matter of education, but without the underlying foundations intact, education is not possible. If a kid is obese, as 30 percent of his students are, they struggle to learn. If they have asthma, as another 30 percent do, they struggle to learn. He says that these issues need to be addressed before you can expect a kid to learn. Also, there is so much education that takes place outside the classroom. In order to develop fully, the kids need to be engaged in other things as well. This is why Canada’s schools provide many other extra-curricular activities. “I have yet to meet a parent with money who questioned whether or not their kid ought to be a part of the soccer team.” He says kids won’t be best served if we expect them to wholly devote themselves to academic endeavors. He also employs about 1,000 kids because he believes that employment is another vital component to developing competitive job-seekers in the future. He says “kids without job experience are missing a lot.”
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Within his 97 block radius, Canada takes on the responsibility of the students within his charter schools and those in the public schools. This way, he says, kids cannot fall between the cracks when they drop out of one school or transfer. He does this also because he says that the schools community ought to be the target for reform, not a specific one. With regards to the debate of public versus charter, Canada says that this is a faulty debate because the concern should merely be making the schools, of any type, better.
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In order for the promise neighborhood program to be effective, he says that he must have a “critical mass” of students. With this critical mass, he is able to change the culture around education, as students’ peers are also on the same path and, thus, supporting them on their academic journey. Without the critical mass, a student’s educational path is an uphill battle because it goes against the culture he is in. In the HCZ, he works with 8,000 students, of which there are 11,000 in the area.
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“If there’s one guarantee when working in education, it is that there will be a lot of things that don’t work.” Canada really believes in having a data-driven system: if the numbers say a program isn’t working, he doesn’t keep it running or accept those results. To do this, Canada says that there needs to be flexibility to be able to change and adapt to the successes/failures of programs because problems will always be changing and there will always be new issues with which to deal. He asks himself, “In the end, is the program moving in the right direction?”
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He thinks that the best results for kids come through competition. The defeatist mentality is allowed to seep into the system simply because the public schools in many areas are able to stay open even while they aren’t functioning. Competition will bring about a can do attitude, because schools will have to perform in order to survive.
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He says that the earlier you intervene in a child’s education, the earlier you see results – and also create even greater potential. He says his lessons learned are that the community needs to be ready for change before it can start to improve. Given that, the community needs to be engaged in every step of the development process, otherwise the community will rebel and the programs will not be responding to problems in the most effective way. The community one would look to have a promise neighborhood has probably been neglected for a long time, and when it’s not neglected, outsiders have come in and changed everything, regardless of how the community functioned or what it thought of the changes. As a result, the community is in stop mode – stop to every change someone wants to make. To deal with this, one has got to be in conversation with and get involved with the people that are being served. In Canada’s experience, the people that will say “stop” initially are not the ones that will help rebuild the community. They will go off to the side, while others do what they can to be a part of the change. Through this involvement in the change, Canada says, people will come to believe in the goal that you have for the community and believe that it can get there.
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In contrast to the belief that supportive parents are a requirement for academic success of a child, Canada has had many kids without supportive parents succeed. He says that while he has lots of programs in place that are intended to help facilitate parent involvement, he also has just as many there to help kids who do not have the same supports make it academically.
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When asked whether or not he believed his funding model would be replicable – because the HCZ now receives large amounts of money – he says that it can be replicated because, as promise neighborhood grantees, these schools have been given validation that the HCZ did not have in the beginning. This validation, he says will go a long way in convincing donors that their school is a worthy cause.
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When asked “what do you say to a kid to make them care about their education? How do you combat the depression and acceptance of failure among a community?” Canada responded that you encourage a kid no matter where they are at. This looks different for different ages, but the goal of encouragement should stay the same.
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As his mantra, Canada says that education “is a matter of science and faith.” Science, in that, it is driven and informed by facts and numbers; faith, in that, when you can’t fully see your goal come to fruition, you still move forward.